Can Education be Classical and Christian Essay - 1342 Words

Can an education be both classical and Christian? Many parents ask this question every year, unknowingly echoing an age-old question. Tertullian, an early church father, was perhaps the first to consider whether these two ideas are compatible when he asked, â€Å"What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?† The church fathers continued to wrestle with the question for centuries, most concluding that all ideas that are taken captive for Christ may be used profitably by Christians. Examining this ongoing conversation about classical, Christian education will serve to answer many of our own questions today. Then, we will be able to consider that our understanding of classical, Christian education today depends more on the medieval church schools†¦show more content†¦He culls whatever is useful from mathematics, the fine arts, literary studies, and, of course, philosophy, and protects the faith from all attacks† (171 ). For Clement, the study of the liberal arts pre pared the individual to possess a solid faith and to share that hope with others. Origen (c. 185-250) became head of the catechetical school in Alexandria at the age of seventeen or eighteen. Educated in both the Scriptures and Greek literature himself, Origen urged others to continue this practice. He compared this classical, Christian education to the Israelites plundering Egypt before the Exodus, a comparison which continued to be repeated by future generations as they pondered a classical, Christian education. In his analogy, he demonstrated that the gold and silver of the pagan Egyptians was used to make the holiest vessels in the tabernacle (178). Similarly, he urges students to use the treasures of the Greek philosophers and poets to build up the sacred faith of Christianity. Basil the Great (c.329-379), bishop of Caesarea, considered the study of the ancient writers, poets, and orators to be preparatory exercises for the deep study of Scriptures: â€Å"So we must con sider that a contest, the greatest of all contests, lies before us, for which we must do all things, and, in preparation for it, must strive to the best of our power, and must associate with poets and writers of prose and orators and with all men from whomShow MoreRelatedA New History Of Classical Rhetoric883 Words   |  4 Pages In A New History of Classical Rhetoric, George Kennedy talks about classical rhetoric from Greek Literature to the middle ages. The term rhetoric â€Å"denotes the civic art of public speaking as it developed in deliberative assemblies, law courts, and other formal occasions under constitutional government† (Kennedy 3). 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The department takes seriously its obligation to introduce general studies students to philosophy and religion as humanities disciplines. All courses at the 100 and 200 level are open to and designedRead MoreA Reflection On Behaviorism Theory849 Words   |  4 Pagesfacilitating what can bring about healthy choices, judgment, and wisdom so that they can develop who they are supposed to be. Use behavioral analysis to help kids generalize skills, learned observationally, self-correct behaviors, and so on I am a fan of behavioral theory, but merely when it used to build each other up and grow our happiness. Clip systems often undermine our purpose of modifying behavior through coercion as opposed to rewarding. Flip the Clip. Many Christian schools and Christian homeschoolingRead MoreGodly Education Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesprecious and pleasant riches.† Proverbs 24:3, 4 Education is vital in life. If we did not have education, no one would be able to do anything challenging with his or her minds, unless trained by experience. This is what Plato knew thousands of years ago. He knew education produced a balance and harmony of character. This education model is not seen in public education, except in the classical model, which borrowed many of his concepts. This kind of education, however, sought to bring out political menRead MoreA Christian Worldview Of Common Core Standards1350 Words   |  6 PagesA Christian Worldview of Common Core Standards Christal Klinger EDU 520: Bishop Current Issues WebQuest: Session 4 A Christian Worldview of Common Core Standards Common Core standards at a national level, assist the education system by the establishment of academic expectations that students must satisfy to continue to the next grade level or graduate from high school, no matter the state or school district. With a set of standards, consistency occurs because all students’ are held to meetRead More The Importance of Latin in the Curriculum Essay examples1287 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame, along with ancient Greek, â€Å"the sheath in which the sword of the Spirit is lodged,† as Martin Luther put it (qtd. in Christian xv). Ironically, it was the work of Martin Luther that sent Latin into its slow decline. Until the Reformation, church services were conducted using only Latin. One of the key principles of the Protestant movement was that the entire Christian message, Scripture included, should be made accessible to the common folk in their own tongue (Hammond 243-4). The CatholicRead MoreConfucius, Aristotle, Aquinas, And Erasm us1713 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle, Quintilian, Aquinas, and Erasmus As a Christian educator, it is important to base educational practices on Biblical authority. Christian education should teach students to learn to act like God and to do His work (Graham, 2003). â€Å"True education is to develop knowledge of God and His created reality and to use that knowledge in exercising a creative-redemptive dominion over the world . . . â€Å" (Graham, 2003, p. 57). Being a Christian educator, does not mean that organizational structureRead More Humanism Essay example1241 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand human nature.   The Christian humanists, however, were sometimes skeptical as to the authority of the ancient writers.   Medieval humanists accepted pagan and classical authors uncritically.   The humanists of the Renaissance, however, viewed the classics from a Christian perspective, Man is created in Gods image.   They rejected any classical ideas that opposed Christianity but sometimes found an underlying harmony between secular and pagan ide as and the Christian faith.   The humanistsRead MoreA School Without Athletics Should Be Avoided At An Educational System1213 Words   |  5 PagesA school without athletics should be avoided in an educational system. Education is the training of a student’s character; that is the knowledge, skills, and habits that are passed down from one generation to another for the full development of the mind and the body. 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The Early Childhood Education Free Essays

Education is an asset for every person and probably the most important pert is when it starts, at early childhood. This decides the child’s attitude to education throughout life and its capacity to learn. Children start to learn early in life and though it may not be realized that even during the first few months of life the child begins experimenting with language. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Childhood Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The attitudes towards literacy develop during this period and all important concepts of literacy expand during these years through the care of the adults and various forms of print that they chance to meet. This important form of literacy is composed of several key components according to the experts on literacy and this first of these is phonetic awareness. This is an understanding that speech contains many units like spoken words, syllables and sounds. The children gradually become familiar with names of letters, their shapes and sounds. Over a period of time they also develop the capacity to take every spoken word apart in terms of sound and also combine sounds to form words. (Promoting Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) The children have to hear and say the parts of the word and then only they can learn to read it. They have to understand the importance of each sound in a word, as this is the only way they will learn to say the word properly and not develop too much of an accent or slang which will hurt the ability of individuals to understand it. For this purpose the children have to be provided with practice in matching sounds and letters. Even after they learn to say the words, they have to practice reading those words many times as it is only practice that makes a person perfect. It is easy for children to understand that there are many words in material that is read for they will also have to learn it. (Beginning to Read – Preschool through Grade 2) The most important matter in all this is patience as no one is perfect when starting out and it is likely that the child will make mistakes, and it is certainly not a deliberate failure or an attempt to irritate the teacher. The most important part is patience. The next part is the understanding of alphabetic principles, and this consists of linking the letters of the alphabet with the corresponding sounds that they should produce. The importance of this can be understood from the importance that is assigned to knowledge of the alphabet at school entry and this has also been found to be one of the best indicators of the capability of reading achievement for children. (Promoting Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) For all this, it is important that the children are able to communicate easily with all toddlers, and an important part in this is to simplify the talk with them and not use â€Å"baby talk†. The children have to understand the teacher but still realize that sounds are attached to alphabets which cannot be changed. The talk has to be simple enough for them to understand and it is better to say â€Å"Let’s get coats on† instead of saying â€Å"We are going to take a walk around the block, so you must put your coat on†. (Early Literacy and Beginning to Read) This may seem like a command, but when the child would rather not do it, then the child will protest, and then further talk can tell the child the purpose. Sometimes, it can be even indicated by action as the children are equally capable of communication through action. The first method of crying is only to draw the attention of the mother. At the same time, it is important to use the children’s names for reacting with them so that the entire conversation is personalized and also make the child aware of its personal identity. This often leads to a use of its own name for referring to itself instead of saying â€Å"I†. This is a misuse that will get corrected in time when the child learns the difference between nouns and pronouns. What is required is patience. There are a number of methods for encouraging the development of languages like reading stories, singing songs, listening to recorded songs and music, and giving them opportunities to react with other children and adults. (Promoting Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) It is better to leave children in a creche where they can react with other children than leaving them alone in a house. There are differences between children; some talk more than others and this is a natural difference and should not get the teacher worried. Trips are important and during them things should be explained to children, but explain only what needs explanation. Children are not idiots as human intelligence develops 90 percent of the full adult limit for the individual by the age of four. When unnecessary information is passed on to children they also protest, and often they are not aware of manners that are required in society. One should not get upset, but carry on normally. Talk with all past tenses and future tenses, but remember that for children up to a certain age, past tense is what happened yesterday and what will happen tomorrow is future. For full understanding and gradation of past and future, they take time. Those are not the end of the initial education that is required by a child. Another aspect is of print awareness through which the child understands that print carries the meaning of the story and the process is through printed words which correspond to spoken words. In English the print moves from left to right and from top to bottom on a page, and it should be the job of education to teach the children about print, expose them to print and link up print to the sounds. Another key component is the development of writing and this also starts off early in a child’s life. In many cases, even before the child is formally introduced to writing, they engage themselves in scribbling, producing different forms which can be said to be like letters and use their own spelling to express letters. These are certainly useful as they help the children to understand the relationship between words and sound. There are also oral language skills which are the child’s vocabulary and understanding of the uses and conventions of spoken language. The general finding among experts is that children, who have larger vocabularies in early life, generally end up with greater linguistic abilities. (Promoting Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) The biggest question in the entire process of education of children is that they our partners and their help are certainly required. It is a great pleasure to teach children as they are directly the sons and daughters of God and we remain in a purer environment when dealing with them. How to cite The Early Childhood Education, Papers

Beauty And Aesthetics Essay Example For Students

Beauty And Aesthetics Essay 1.To try to explain how and why aesthetics is understood, as a philosophical endeavor should first start with what I think and feel through my learning experiences what is art. Art for me is what is pure about the art form and what makes it beautiful. Beauty in art is what enhances individual senses to makes us feel all our senses are united as one. When these traits come together you are in presence of a work of art in my mind and the definition of aesthetics in art. I feel that the reason aesthetics is understood as a philosophical endeavor is because we as a society need to put a label on or problems to help develop a strategy that will help conquer these problems. So to start a branch in philosophy directed towards the arts, or anything that is meant to capture beauty or criticism should be arranged in a system of criticism. Criticism, which in particular judgments are singled out and their logic and justification displayed, is why it is and will continue to be an endeavor. I feel an artist role in society is to portray a objective and subjective view about his work before and after his work is completed to give a fair assessment to the public of how he sees the world. 2. If you look up the definition of aesthetics it will probably say to some extent, the particular idea of what is beautiful or artistic. The problem with this is the word beautiful can mean different things to two different people. So an individual determines the value of the word. This is why there is so much variation in our assessments of the value of works of art. Subjective and objective theories of aesthetic are a way of separating different approaches. An objective theory claims that aesthetic value is in the property of the artwork itself. The fact that we do reach agreement on the value of so many works suggests that somehow there is an objective basis for our judgments. The subjective theory claims that aesthetic value is simply a matter of the psychological effect on or the attitude of the observer, and these vary considerably from observer to observer. If aesthetic value is subjective, why do we so often try to persuade friends of the value of a work of art that we belie ve they have overlooked. 3. Plats rationalism is the conviction that the truth and the real world are disclosed through the use of the mind alone. In Platos opinion of art he say that art is here to increase the world of untrue experiences by creating images of images and illusions of illusions. He continues to say that if the world of direct sense experience is untrue and unreal in some sense, the world created by art is even more so and that by increasing human deception about reality and by appealing to emotions and feelings, therefore, art in whatever form should have no part in an ideal human community. Now if Plato is so concerned with reality and the metaphysics of the world why doesnt he appreciate art that is produced unconsciously in our minds through direct sense experience and is created into a physical art form? Are we as artist not trying to take the unreal and trying to make real? Are we not trying to create the world around us through the dreams and illusions we cant not deny we have, but to try to give reason and cause for them? Is this what philosophers have been doing since the beginning of written language in trying to give reason for things? If Plato understood that no on perceives an apple in the same way. Why doesnt he perceive that an art form has reason in other peoples mind that he might not be able to relate to? My point is simple and that is Plato is one man with an opinion in a world of many men with opinions. What makes his opinion have meaning to himself is his ability to manipulate language to convey a reason for his opinion? I value his opinion to the highest degree but do not agree with it. Art is

Jeff Is Sitting With A Group Of Children & A Couple Of Counselors Doin

Jeff is sitting with a group of children It appears that the counselor is singing a song that is interactive with the children. Jeff appears to be very active When he is called to stand up he jumps up As he is sitting down he is continuously talking to the counselor on his left or the girl on his right. He is filling his cheeks with air He is constantly rubbing his feat on the rug or crossing He appears to be very anxious. The children have these little rectangles of rug that they are sitting on. Jeff is pulling it over his head He's starting to chew on it All of a sudden he gets up He then runs back across the room towards the restroom He apparently is using the restroom. A counselor is helping him wash He then runs across the room He grabs something off the table There is no real expression of surprise on his face. He then runs over towards the locker, stops, walks backwards for a few steps, spins around then grabs a backpack. He is smiling the whole time. He then trots back to the table with a big grin on his face When it appears that no one is paying attention he leans on his backpack like it's a pillow. He is rocking back He then unzips his multi-colored backpack and says, "I have a special treat!" He holds up something wrapped in paper. The counselor pushes a bowl towards him He reaches into the bowl He grabs a small pitcher of water that the counselor has filled up He then fills the child's glass to the right of him He seems very proud of himself. He then grabs his package He continues to eat The whole time he is talking but it doesn't seem to be directed to anyone in particular. He starts to play the drums lightly on the table. The counselor starts to read the children a book. He appears to become very attentive. All of a sudden he appears to be very anxious. He's kind of pointing at the book He gets a chance He waits a bit longer He continues to listen very studiously. He appears to be the most vocal of this small group of children at the table. He co ntinues to eat He begins to lean forward on the table as to get a better look He says, "oh oh!" He lifts the boy to his lefts arm Another counselor walks up to the table He appears to be listening very intently. When the counselor walks away Jeff reaches over to the boy

Hodges and Tizard Essays

Hodges and Tizard Essays Hodges and Tizard Essay Hodges and Tizard Essay Failure to make any form of attachment If child is in institutional care, isolation, parent working.  Rutter-  Compared UK and Romanian children adopted both before and after 6 months old. Found that the Romanian children adopted before 6 months did as well socially and emotionally and the UK control group whereas the Romanian children adopted after 6 months old had problems developing attachments and displayed disinhibited attachments and had poor peer relations. Hodges and Tizard  Studied the long term effects of privation using 65 children who were brought up in a childrens home until the age of 4. During this time the children were unable to form any attachments with their caregivers as staff were discouraged from forming attachments in order to reduce upset. After four years old 25 children were restored into their original homes, 33 were adopted and 7 remained in care. The children were followed up at the age of 8 and 16. The researchers found that 20/21 of the adopted children and 6/13 of the restored children had close attachments with their parents. However, the restored children were more likely to be rejecting/ hostile at both 8 and 16. All three groups had problems forming peer relationships and were rated by teachers as being more likely to seek attention. Curtis  Studied Genie who had suffered from privation for the first 13 years of her life. Privation caused numerous bad effects including poor physical development (rickets in her legs), lack of speech, emotional tantrums etc. Some progress was made with making attachments but Genie suffered further bad care in foster homes and regressed dramatically.  Day care  Is a form of care for infants and children offered by someone other than close family, taking place outside the home, children spend all, or part of the day in care but return home at night, Includes nurseries, child-minding. Positive effects of day care  Clarke-Stewart et al  Found that children in group based day care wee more sociable and better able to negotiate with peers than children cared for at home or by child-minders. EPPE project  Indicated positive effects of day care on social development including peer relations. Different forms of day care had an impact forms with education and care combined = a more positive effect on social development. 3000 UK children aged 3-4, Cognitive development for all children in pre-school was improved in comparison to those who were home schooled.  Children are more likely to have adverse social profiles this increased the risk of anti-social behaviour and could be reduced by high quality pre-school when aged 3-4.  Negative effects of day care  NICHD  Social competence and problem behaviours including being aggressive, but also challenging behaviour attention seeking.  Day care made children more aggressive and disobedient.

Suspended Compounds in English Grammar

Suspended Compounds in English Grammar In English grammar, a suspended compound is a set of compound nouns or compound adjectives in which an element common to all members is not repeated. Also called suspensive hyphenation. A hyphen and a space follow the first element of a suspended compound. (A hyphen with a space after it is called a hanging hyphen.) Examples and Observations The festival starts with a parade, followed by the crowning of Little Miss Catfish, who is chosen by drawing a name from among the five- and six-year-old catfish princesses. (Bob Rashid, Gone Fishing. University of Wisconsin Press, 1999)The difference between the pre- and post-test scores is the so-called learning gain.More injuries are caused by falls from a three- or four-foot height than by falls from tall extension ladders.More than half of three- and four-year-old children in the U.S. attend preschool.Several arguments support the idea that there is a fundamental difference between short- and long-term memory.At the Paperback Exchange, books of all kinds can be exchanged for first- and second-hand books in English.Cyrus McCormick, the head of International Harvester, typified nineteenth- and twentieth-century industrialists understanding of manliness.​ Stylistic Advice: Suspended Compounds Do not use suspended compound adjectives unless space is limited. In a suspended compound adjective, part of the adjective is separated from the rest of the adjective, such as first- in first- and second-generation computers. If you must use suspended compound adjectives, include a hyphen with both adjectives. Avoid forming suspended compound adjectives from one-word adjectives. (Microsoft Manual of Style, 4th ed. Microsoft Press, 2012) Suspended compounds of the form water-based and -soluble paint are licit but likely to confuse readers; substitute water-based and water-soluble paint. (Amy Einsohn, The Copyeditors Handbook. University of California Press, 2000) Also See CompoundingCompound WordsSay Good-bye to the Hyphen

Analytical Essay on Short Fiction Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analytical on Short Fiction - Essay Example Based on the specific levels various people behave in different ways towards themselves and others in relation to education. Therefore, education is shown to have both divisive and combining powers. In this sense, this paper will analyze this aspect in the â€Å"Everyday Use† book by Alice Walker. It will evaluate the different feelings brought about by education and the examples that are used to achieve this notion. â€Å"Everyday use† portrays education as an element that is so much sort after for its numerous benefits to the individual and the society. On the other hand, there is a contradicting element linked to this factor. The characters in the book are shown to look for education in order to make a better life out of their current slavery status. The main character who is portrayed to look for this is Dee. She is a slave who desires education to make her situation better. However, she faces a great challenge in her inability to go to the school that she wants. However, after a lot of sacrifice from her fellow slaves she attends school where she gets a lot of ideologies and knowledge. Therefore, she is enlightened in a way that she wants to find the truth. As a result, the positive elements expected from education are not fully achieved. Instead, a long formed friendship and family ties are broken and the individuals separated. The lofty ideas and educational opportunity that Dee fi nds give her a sense of loss of heritage. In turn, she seeks her background, and identity that can only be provided by her family (Walker, 1992). During the time period between the 1960s and the 1970s the African Americans did not get the chance to engage in as many activities as the other citizens were. For instance, the people from other races were given the opportunity to take part in various education activities. Education is principle reason why the knowledge, skills and values are accumulated and transmitted from one generation to another.

Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder and different teaching methods in Research Proposal

Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder and different teaching methods in the classroom - Research Proposal Example It is said great scientists Newton and Einstein too had Autism in some form or other. Only it has been recognized of late and meriting the attention of the social scientists to ease the ASD affected individuals out of the so-called disorder so that they can scale newer heights. Autism is a developmental problem found early in childhood that results in verbal, non-verbal communication or social interaction disability. Usually this disability becomes evident before the age of three and has a bearing upon educational performance when the child grows older. Autism is also known as autism spectrum disorder, pervasive development disorder (PDD), PDD- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), atypical autism, and Asperger’s Syndrome. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) occurring early in life will last for the rest of one’s life. It is not a single disorder but a syndrome of collection of characteristics in growing children. Though ASD is found in both males and females, the incidence is more in males. It is severe and pervasive when it affects almost all the faculties of the individual even though he may be very intelligent or high functioning. ASD also occurs when the individual has cognitive impairment also known as mental retardation or mental impairment. ASD can also occur due to neurobiological reasons affecting the physical brain or chemistry of the brain. When the individual is not able to communicate by using speech or language or when his speech is delayed or quality of communication or verbal skills are affected, he is deeme d to have ASD. In some cases, the individual cannot display unspoken language such as gestures, facial expressions. ASD also makes the individual unable to understand what others say and respond to them or their non-verbal movements. The individual will have difficulty maintaining friendship and social contact regardless of age even though he may want to keep the relationships. He will be sensitive to touch,

Mesopotamia and Egypt Essay Example for Free

Mesopotamia and Egypt Essay The early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt were very similar, but they were also different in some ways. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt developed their civilizations centered on rivers, but these rivers were polar opposites. Mesopotamia was between two rivers called the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Egypt’s civilization developed around the Nile River. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers differed from the Nile River. The Nile River was calm, and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were wild and very unpredictable. Since these rivers had opposite behaviors, Mesopotamia’s specialty was in irrigation, while Egypt was a more agricultural society. Mesopotamia and Egypt were very similar in their roots, but they also had distinctive forms of social organization and religious observance that developed because of the rivers that surrounded them. Mesopotamia’s social organization was a way to differentiate between rulers and those who were commoners. Each city-state in Mesopotamia had elders and young men that made decisions for the community. Rulers protected their access to both political and economic resources by creating systems of bureaucracies, priesthoods, and laws. Priests and bureaucrats served their leaders well, defending and advocating rules and norms that validated the political leadership. Lists of professions were passed around so each person could know his or her place in the social order. The king and priest were at the top of the social structure followed by bureaucrats who were scribes, supervisors, and craft workers. The craft workers were jewelers, gardeners, potters, metal smiths, and traders; this was the largest group of the social structure. The craft workers were not slaves but they depended on their employer’s households. People rarely moved from one social level to another. Not only was there organization between society in general, but there was also specific organization between families. In families, the senior male became the patriarch. A family was made up of a husband and a wife who was bound by a contract that stated that the wife would provide children, preferably male, and the husband would provide support an d protection. If there was no male child, a second wife or slave could bear children to serve as the couple’s offspring. In families, sons would inherit the family’s property and the daughters would receive dowries. Priests were at the top of the social organization with the king because they lived in temples, which represented  the cities’ power. Bureaucrats were at the top of the social structure underneath the main people of power because they were scribes. Mesopotamia was the world’s first city to keep records and read, developing a writing system. Writing became important to the development of cities and enabled people to share information across greater distances and over longer periods of time. Scribes played a significant role in developing a writing system that people anywhere and in the future could decipherer. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers served as major communication and transportation routes for Mesopotamia. The need for a system of record keeping developed because farmers and officials needed a way to keep track of the distribution of goods and services. It was important to keep track of goods and services because long-distance trade was very important to Mesopot amia since it lacked many raw materials that were crucial to developing the city. On the other hand, in Egypt, the social organization was similar to Mesopotamia, but differed just slightly. At the top was a Pharaoh or also called a king was the center of Egyptian life followed by priests, scribes, craftsmen, and lastly farmers and slaves. The Pharaoh was at the center of life and had the responsibility to ensure that flooding of the Nile River continued without interruption and had the responsibility to develop a vibrant economy. Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh was a descendant from the gods. Egypt had one advantage that Mesopotamia did not have, the Nile River. The Nile River was navigable and provided annual floods. These annual floods allowed for regular moisture. Even though the Nile River did not fertilize the fields as wells as the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, the yearly floods meant that the topsoil was renewed every year, making the soil easy to plant in. Egypt also had the sun that allowed a bountiful agriculture. Egypt, similarly to Mesopotamia, was a scribe nation. Since little people were literate in both Mesopotamia and Egypt, a scribesâ €™ social status was increased automatically. However, even though both Mesopotamia and Egypt were scribal cultures, Egypt appeared to be more literate. This could be because Egypt developed later than Mesopotamia, and they may have used it more since Egypt had the Nile River. The Nile provided for good harvest allowing Egypt’s economy to flourish. Since Egypt had good harvest, they may have needed to keep better track of goods and services because they had more goods to keep track of since they had better harvest than  Mesopotamia. Social structure in Egypt and Mesopotamia was not the only thing that was affected by the rivers. Another aspect of early civilization that was affected by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia was religion. Mesopotamians had beliefs in gods that molded their political organizations and controlled everything. They believed the gods controlled weather, fertility, harvests, and the underworld. They had to respect their gods, but they also feared them because they were powerful. A major way for Mesopotamians to worship their gods was through the temples. Temples were gods’ homes and were the cities’ identity. To demonstrate cities’ power, rulers would elaborately decorate temples. The priests and other officials lived in the temples and worked to serve gods, the most pow erful immortal beings to the Mesopotamians. Temples ran productive and commercial activities and those that were close to the river would hire workers to hunt, fish, and collect. The temples were a way for people to worship their gods and show their faithfulness to them. Therefore, since the Mesopotamians believed that the gods controlled everything including weather and harvest, two important aspects in Mesopotamia civilization, it was important that they stay faithful to their gods since they did not have the best rivers. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers would flood if there was heavy rainfall during the height of the agricultural season. Thus, if they worshiped their gods frequently, the Mesopotamians may believe that the gods will bestow good weather eliminating floods more often, creating a better year of harvest. Like Mesopotamia, each region in Egypt had its own god. In addition, Egypt also had temples to worship their gods. In Egypt, gods were inactive and the kings, or pharaohs, were active. The pharaoh had responsibility to uphold cults while the priests were to uphold regular rituals. The pharaoh acted as a mediator between the gods and the people o f the city. He supported the gods through rituals held in temples, which the Egyptians contributed many resources to. Since trade from the Nile River allowed the city of Egypt to prosper economically, they had more resources to build more elaborate temples and later on pyramids. Pyramids were unique to Egyptian culture. The pyramids became a place for state rituals and were very important to Egyptian culture. Since Egypt prospered because of its location next to the Nile, they had an abundance of resources that was necessary to build the intricate temples. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt were  riverine cultures. Each city had its own unique social organization and religious beliefs, but they had similar roots. Both civilizations were scribal cultures, but since Egypt had the Nile River, the two civilizations differed. Since both civilizations were scribal, scribes attained great social status under the king and priests. Egypt prospered greatly from the resources that the predictable Nile River offered. Mesopotamia had the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that were unpredictable, but still provided for irrigation and allowed the city to advance in irrigation technology and opened the city up to the surrounding cities. Mesopotamia and Egypt both had polytheism and worshiped their gods in temples. Instead of referring to the king like in Mesopotamia, Egypt refers to the pharaoh. Egypt believed that the pharaoh communicated with the gods. The rivers in both Mesopotamia and Egypt opened these areas up to the rest of the world and allowed for great economic growth.

Personal Narrative - Bad Things Happen to Bad People :: Personal Narratives

Bad Things Happen to Bad People How many times have you just finished washing your car and, while you are driving down the highway all you hear is PLOP followed by juicy, white feces splattered on your windshield. Or how furious does one get when a pile of Miss FooFoo’s dog crap that your neighbor neglected to pick up a couple of hours ago encompasses your shirt and Levis jeans, while mowing the front yard. I know that I get royally upset when I see bird bombs on my car after I just finished washing it a few hours ago, or when I step in a fresh pile of Miss FooFoo’s poo poo! But who ever puts themselves in the animal’s point of view? Who ever thinks about the fact that we are paving over all the land and cutting down all the trees that provide oxygen for our lungs and homes for the aviators? Let me tell you what, if I was a bird, I would crap all over your shiny car! Many times I have stopped and yelled at people who are driving in my car when they are about to throw things out of the window. I don’t hate, because that is an extremely powerful word, but I do despise the fact that people don’t have a problem with throwing their garbage wherever they please. Just because you finished eating your triple quarter-pounder with cheese, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles and extra mayonnaise thirty seconds ago from whatever atherosclerosis causing grease pit, doesn’t mean you can take your filthy napkin and paper bag and toss it out the window like your John Elway! It seems like the majority of humankind either does not care or does not realize that the trash is either going to sit there on the side of the road or is going to be picked up by some nature nurturing chump like myself. It is absolutely horrible that people litter the land with Styrofoam cups, plastic glasses, and beer bottles that would take centuries to degrade. Mothers and fathers are forever talking about how they want their children to have it better than they did, and how they want to give their children everything within their power. But yet these ignorant individuals continuously dispose of their trash wherever and whenever they want. By the time my children are of age to realize how absolutely disgusting the world is where mankind has placed his disease ridden feet upon the soil, it will be too late.

Guide For Oral Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

A tooth abscess is pus enclosed in the tissues of the jaw bone at the tip of an septic tooth. Normally the abscess originates from a bacterial infection that has accumulated in the soft mush of the tooth. Abscesses typically originate from dead mush tissue, normally caused by untreated tooth decay, cracked dentitions or extended periodontic disease. A failed root canal intervention may besides make a similar abscess. There are three types of dental abscess. A gingival abscess involves merely the gum tissue, without impacting either the tooth or the periodontic ligament. A periapical abscess starts in the dental mush. A periodontic abscess begins in the back uping bone and tissue constructions of the dentition. An abscessed tooth is really painful. The tooth and environing gums are infected, and a root canal or extraction is normally recommended. An abscess tooth may be light with simply a little infection, or it may be speed uping – occupying non merely the oral cavity, but the full organic structure. The first phase of an abscess begins on the external beds of the dentitions along the protective coating named enamel. Bacteria which of course occur inside the oral cavity Begin to strike at the enamel and might later weaken, and cleft in a little hole. There might be merely minor tenderness at this period. Sensitivity to hot and cold contents, along with tenderness whether the tooth is tapped may be frequent marks. 2. About Oral Chelation for High Blood Pressure The term chelation describes a procedure whereby substances named chelating agents bind to metals or toxins to enable the organic structure to safely egest them in the piss or fecal matters. While the scientific community by and large validates the usage of chelation for heavy metal detoxification, its usage in high blood pressure remains controversial. Oral chelation therapy cleans your arterias. It besides cleans the riddance piece of land and builds up your general opposition for longer life and a better ( healthful ) feeling. Chelation therapy can assist lower blood force per unit area. These include the decalcification ( decrease ) of plaque, decrease of free groups and lowering of blood cholesterin. Oral Chelation Therapy takes a few months the first clip. Oral chelation is besides effectual because chelating agents, such as EDTA, can go through through the tummy and enter the blood stream unaffected. Oral chelation interventions exist in the signifier of liquids, pills or capsules and by and large last for several hebdomads. 3. About Oral Surgery Oral Surgery is a accepted international specializer developing class in dental medicine. It is the forte of dental medicine that includes the diagnosing, surgical and related intervention of diseases, hurts and defects affecting both the functional and esthetic facets of the difficult and soft tissues of the caput, oral cavity, dentition, gums and jaws. A figure of conditions may necessitate unwritten surgery, including: Impacted Teeth Wisdom dentitions, sometimes emerge from the gum line and the jaw is non big plenty to let room for them. Often one or more of these 3rd grinders fails to emerge in proper alliance or fails to to the full emerge through the gum line and becomes entrapped or â€Å" impacted † between the lower jaw and the gum tissue. Tooth Loss Dental implants are an option for tooth loss due to an accident or infection or as an option to dental plates. The implants are tooth root replacements that are surgically anchored in topographic point in the lower jaw and act to stabilise the unreal dentition to which they are attached. Jaw-Related Problems Unequal jaw growing: In some persons, the upper and lower Jaw fails to turn decently. This can do trouble in speech production, eating, get downing, and take a breathing. While some of these jobs — like improper teeth alliance — can be corrected with braces and other orthodontic contraptions, more serious jobs require unwritten surgery to travel all or portion of the upper jaw, lower jaw, or both into a new place that is more balanced, functional, and healthy. Improve tantrum of dental plates: For first-time dental plate wearers, unwritten surgery can be done to rectify any abnormalities of the jaws prior to making the dental plates to guarantee a better tantrum. 4. About the Benefits of Bing a Dentist The demand of dentist profession is turning. The profession of being a tooth doctor has many good things that can be of import considerations for you. If you give good services to your patients, you will be able to acquire clients, so your concern in dental pattern will run good. Dentists have a certain sum of prestigiousness within their communities. It is besides an easy field for adult females and minorities to win in. On top of the pecuniary benefits and flexibleness of being your ain foreman ( You besides get to be after on your ain hours ) , there is a great trade of personal satisfaction that can be found in a calling in dental medicine. You get the personal satisfaction of seting a smiling on a individual ‘s face and cut downing their hurting. Most people get into callings so that they can acquire a steady income and with dental medicine, you are assured of acquiring a batch of money. With the occupation if you have practiced for many old ages you can acquire to detect how to cover with or forestall dentition complaints which would be a good add-on to the society. You besides acquire to be a instructor by giving people advice on the best ways to keep their dentitions and maintain them healthy. Making a positive alteration in the lives of people is one of the greatest benefits a dentist gets. 5. Activities for Teaching Children Oral Hygiene Teaching kids how to brush, floss and rinse their oral cavity in order to maintain their teeth clean and prevent pits is of import. Teaching good hygiene when kids are immature can forestall dental jobs down the route. Use merriment activities to do brushing, flossing and sing the tooth doctor appealing. Teaching Children to Brush Their Teeth Childs can be conditioned to brush their dentitions merely as they ‘re taught to rinse their custodies and face. Parents can pattern the behaviour by leting kids to come into the bathroom with them to brush their dentitions. Invent your ain memorable small vocal or chant to sing as you ‘re brushing your babe ‘s dentition, make certain the words define the country you ‘re scouring ; so that one time the vocal is memorized they remember to brush each surface. Brush the kid ‘s dentition before you brush your ain, and so let the kid to brush theirs while you ‘re brushing yours ; yearlings love to copy. Tooth Decay Activity Use a digital camera to take a image of each kid, smiling and demoing their glistening white dentitions. Print each kid ‘s exposure twice and hold them colourise the dentitions brown in one of the smilings. Use black and brown washable markers to imitate tooth decay and pits. Have them hang it in the bathroom or utilize it as a reminder to brush their dentitions more frequently. Painting Activity Using xanthous building paper cut out several big tooth forms. Show the forms to your kid and speak about how dentitions can go xanthous if you do non brush them or if you eat a batch of things that can harm your dentitions. Give your kid white pigment to utilize and state him to feign that it is toothpaste. Let him utilize the â€Å" toothpaste † and a paintbrush to do the teeth clean and white once more. Dramatic Play Gather all of the stuffs necessary to do a make-believe tooth doctor office. You will necessitate a chair, toothbrush, mirror, and anything else that can do the scene more realistic and merriment, such as a white shirt to have on as a tooth doctor ‘s coat. Lie back in the chair and allow your child make-believe to be a tooth doctor as he examines your oral cavity, pretends to brush your dentitions and Tells you if your dentitions are healthy. Acting out this scenario may assist your kid to understand the importance of traveling to the tooth doctor and do the existent visit more appealing. 6. Basic Hygiene Dental Instruments Several instruments should be used daily to clean dentitions and gums. Toothbrush A toothbrush removes nutrient and plaque left on the dentition and gums. Toothpaste Toothpaste is available in gels, pulverizations or pastes that aid take plaque on the dentition and gums. Toothpaste can incorporate agents that can whiten dentitions, strengthen gums, and abolish bad breath. Floss Floss is created utilizing thin strands of nylon or plastic. Floss removes nutrient that ‘s trapped between dentitions, every bit good as the little movie of bacteriums that covers dentitions. The American Dental Association recommends that people floss daily. Gargle Mouthwash contains H2O, intoxicant and cleansing agents as the primary ingredients. Mouthwash helps cut down plaque, mask and control bad olfactory property, whiten dentition, and minimise gingivitis. Your tooth doctor may rede you to utilize mouthwash day-to-day depending on your dental demands. 7. Brushing Your Dentitions Correctly: Dental Care & A ; Oral Hygiene: How to†¦ You should brush your dentitions at least twice a twenty-four hours. A soft bristle toothbrush will clean without damaging the gums. Be careful non to be in an over-abundant manner. 2 proceedingss of proper brushing is good plenty. Clean the outer surfaces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentition Clean the interior surfaces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentition Clean the mastication surfaces For fresher breath, be certain to brush your lingua, excessively Tilt the coppice at a 45A ° angle against the gumline and expanse or turn over the coppice off from the gumline. Gently brush the exterior, indoors and masticating surface of each tooth utilizing short back-and-forth shots. Gently brush your lingua to take bacteriums and refresh your breath. 8. Causes of Very Dry Mouth: Oral Health There are several causes of dry oral cavity, besides called dry mouth. Peoples get dry oral cavity when the secretory organs in the oral cavity that make spits are non working decently. Because of this, there might non be plenty saliva to maintain your oral cavity moisture. There are several grounds why these secretory organs ( called salivary secretory organs ) might non work right. Side effects of certain medications- more than 400 medical specialties can do the salivary secretory organs to do less spit. Medicines for high blood force per unit area and depression frequently cause dry oral cavity Side consequence of certain diseases and infections. Dry oral cavity can be a side consequence of medical conditions, including Sjogren ‘s syndrome, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer ‘s disease, diabetes, anaemia, cystic fibrosis, arthritic arthritis, high blood pressure, Parkinson ‘s disease, shot, and epidemic parotitiss. Radiation therapy – the salivary secretory organs can be damaged if they are exposed to radiation during malignant neoplastic disease intervention Chemotherapy – drugs used to handle malignant neoplastic disease can do saliva thicker, doing the oral cavity to experience dry. Nerve harm – hurt to the caput or cervix can damage the nervousnesss that tell salivary secretory organs to do spit. Dehydration – Conditionss that lead to desiccation, such as febrility, inordinate perspiration, purging, diarrhoea, blood loss, and Burnss can do dry oral cavity. Surgical remotion of the salivary secretory organs. Lifestyle – Smoke or masticating baccy can impact saliva production and aggravate dry oral cavity. Continuously take a breathing with your oral cavity unfastened can besides lend to the job.

Kohlberg`s Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Reasoning

Lawrence Kohlberg, a professor of psychology in the University of Chicago, has created his own theory of moral development. The theory is based on children’s reasoning, when facing moral dilemmas, however, Kohlberg went far beyond that and created a common theory for all ages. Under his theory moral thinking passes through six separate stages, which are broken into three levels. This paper aims to provide a review of stages and levels proposed by Kohlberg.  The first level is PRE-CONVENTIONAL. This level is more characteristic for children, although it is sometimes passed by adults too. At this level an individual considers exclusively direct consequences of an action for himself. Reasoning at this level is purely egoistic and consists of two stages:Stage 1 An individual concentrates only on direct consequences for himself and the main moral deterrence is fear of punishment. Moral futility of an action is estimated by punishment. The more severe is the punishment, the worse an action is[1].Stage 2 is characterized by limited interest to the needs of others. However, this interest is of egocentric. A person is interested in getting something for himself for his/her moral behavior[2].  The second level is CONVENTIONAL. This stage is typical for most adults. At this level individuals compare the morality of their actions to social norms and expectations. This level includes the third and fourth stage of moral reasoning.Stage 3 is related to social roles. People act so, as their relatives, friends and members of their group act to receive their praise. Actions are evaluated in terms of personal relationships and social stereotypes. The main deterrence is fear of authority and fear of social condemnation[3].Stage 4 is similar to stage 3, however it is extended as actions are evaluated in terms of laws and social conventions. Individual needs are overcome at this stage and laws are attributed own value. A distinction between right and wrong in this stage i s created by culpability of an action.  The third level is POST-CONVENTIONAL is also called â€Å"principled level†. Actions are evaluated by an individual before they are evaluated by society. A person becomes morally â€Å"autonomous†[4]. The level includes stages 5 and 6.Stage 5 At this stage an individual comes to understanding, that people hold different views and opinions. Laws are understood not only as rules, but as useful social contracts. Those, who act against common good are considered to be morally bad and those have to be changed. The aim of morals is understood as â€Å"as much good for as many people as possible†, which is achieved by decision of the majority.Stage 6 is characterized by abstract reasoning and universality of ethical principles. An individual comes to understanding that any laws may be justified only to the extent they correspond those universal principles[5]. The social consensus is reached after â€Å"seeing the situation fro m another man’s eyes†. It is firstly necessary to get full understanding of all moral positions on the matter and after that a consensus between those positions should be reached. This action is validated by consent of every person, not only the majority.References1. Shaffer, David R. (2004). Social and Personality Development, 5th Ed, Wadsworth Publishing2. Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). â€Å"Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach†, Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. Rinehart and Winston3. Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press of Harvard University Press4. Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). â€Å"The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment†. Journal of Philosophy 70[1] Shaffer, David R. (2004). Social and Personality Development, 5th Ed, Wadsworth Publishing, p.- 43                         [2] Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). à ¢â‚¬Å"The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment†. Journal of Philosophy 70: 630-646 [3] Supra note                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              [4] Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). â€Å"Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach†, Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. Rinehart and Winston p.-188    [5] Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press of Harvard University Press, p.-201

What You Learn From American Culture Example

What You Learn From American Culture Example What You Learn From American Culture – Coursework Example My first encounter with American culture: As an international from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) travelling for the first time to the UnitedStates, made me realize the stark contrast between the American culture and the Emirati culture. I had heard a lot about American culture and knew about it through popular media but living in the country helped me actually experience it first-hand. I learnt that although there our cultures were visibly different the basic human qualities were essentially the same. The Americans are warm and friendly people with a strong sense of individualism where individual effort is valued and creativity is strongly encouraged. I learnt that the American culture is more open to international visitors as the country has had a long and impressive history of opening its shores to foreign travellers. Social relationships and virtues such as compassion towards other human beings, and equality of one and all are highly valued and endorsed. Although similar to other cultures there are social, religious, political differences as well as differences between age and gender but everyone is treated respectfully during social encounters. I also learned that the Americans tend to be quite informal towards people they are acquainted with, and often use their first names while addressing each other regardless of age and status and differences, which was quite a pleasant surprise for an international student like me. In my culture the elders are given more respect and it is customary to greet an elder first after entering a room. Hence I found the American culture to be relatively open and friendlier devoid of any apparent social or age-based differences while addressing one another. I learned several things about the States and the people in general however my personal interactions with those around me further helped me understand the culture from a better perspective. I realised the role of values and social attitudes in shaping ones culture and how i t affects the way we communicate with one another. Living in America has helped me reassess my perspectives and look at the culture in a different light.

Analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses and Threats of FedEx

Analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses and Threats of FedEx FedEx Corporation (FedEx) provides a comprehensive suite of services such as transportation, e-commerce and business services. The company offers printing, copying and binding services as well as video-conferencing services. The company has presence in more than 1,950 locations worldwide including Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Mexico, the Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates, the UK, and the US. These locations include 135 locations in seven foreign countries, as well as 30 commercial production centers. The company classified its operations under four reportable segments, namely, FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Services. In the FedEx Express segment, the company operates chiefly through Federal Express Corporation, which serves more than 306 countries and territories by delivering packages and freight through a single global network. The segment also includes FedEx Trade Networks, Inc., which provides customs brokerage, international trade se rvices, and global ocean and air cargo distribution. It operates around 49,000 ground transport vehicles, including pickup and delivery vans, larger trucks known as container transport vehicles and over-the-road tractors and trailers. It owns and leases about 700 facilities for city station operations in the US. In addition, 400 city stations are owned or leased throughout FedEx Express’s international network. Further, in May 2010, the segment had around 46,000 Drop Boxes, including 5,000 Drop Boxes outside U.S. Post Offices. As of May 31, 2010, the segment also had around 13,000 FedEx Authorized Ship Centers and other types of staffed drop-off locations, such as FedEx Office centers. Furthermore it had around 4,000 drop-off locations internationally. During 2010, FedEx Express purchased jet fuel from an assortment of suppliers under contracts that differ in length and supply for specific amounts of fuel to be delivered. Under the FedEx Ground segment, the company provides s mall-package ground delivery services, principally through its FedEx Ground Package System, Inc. It principally serves domestic residences through its FedEx Home Delivery across the US and Canada. This segment also comprises FedEx SmartPost, Inc., which deals with the transportation of less time-sensitive business to consumer packages via the US Postal Service and Canada Post Corporation, and the delivery of high volumes of low-weight. Its corporate offices and information and data centers are located in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area in a 500,000 square-foot building. As of May 31, 2010, the segment had about 30,400 company-owned trailers and owned or leased 520 facilities, as well as 32 hubs. The hub facilities average approximately 325,000 square feet and range in size from 54,000 to 715,000 square feet. In addition, around 26,300 owner-operated vehicles support FedEx Ground’s business. FedEx Freight Corporation operated around 60,000 vehicles and trailers and 492 serv ice centers. These facilities range in size from 850 to 221,300 square feet of office and dock space. The company’s FedEx Services segment is engaged in selling and marketing, besides providing information technology support and customer services support through FedEx Corporate Services, Inc and FedEx Customer Information Services, Inc. In addition, it operates through FedEx Office and Print Services, Inc., which offers document solutions and business services. Through its FedEx Global Supply Chain Services, Inc., the company provides a wide range of supply chain solutions. FedEx Office centers are located in strip malls, office buildings or individual structures and average around 4,000 square feet in size.

Leadership and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Leadership and management - Essay Example Palpably, Claire Fagin applies visionary leadership in her quest to research and establish a niche for the psychiatric nurse in the medical fraternity. She is an American academic, educator nurse and consultant who was born on 25 November 1926. Her academic credentials are a series of documents received from various universities in New York City including a Ph. D from the New York University, a Master’s degree in Nursing from the Columbia University and Bachelor’ s Degree in Science from the Wagner College. In her life, she has participated in programs involved in leading practice and thinking in education of nurses, geriatric nursing, policies of nursing and health, administration as well as leadership programs (Houser, Player and Sigma, 2004). Her career has involved covering major milestones and holding important posts. Between 1977 and 1992, Claire served on the University of Pennsylvania as the Dean of the School of Nursing before she joined the Institute of Medici ne, National Academy of Sciences as a scholar in Residence participating in geriatric nursing research (Houser et al 2004). The year 1993 was a good year for Fagin. She was Presidential Chair of the University of California, San Francisco, in the early weeks of the year. It was in the same year that she became the first woman Interim President in the Ivy League universities. She was the Interim President of University of Pennsylvania a post she held from July 1, 1993 until June 30 1994. In the same year that Claire held the office, she invested heavily on energy while contributing significantly to the University through program ms such as the Commission on Strengthening the Community (Houser et al 2004). A Democratic Leader Her leadership skills during the one-year term drew wide admiration and contributed to her being a Professor of leadership Emerita at the University of Pennsylvania. There are a number of styles incorporated by persons holding positions of leadership in group set tings of any scale. The ideas incorporated as well as the relationship between the leader and the members rely on the style applied by the leader. Claire Mintzer Fagin held a number of leadership posts in her long career (Houser et al 2004). The administration of her authority in these posts closely resembles the leadership style labeled democratic. According to Clark (2013), democratic style of leadership involves the participation and listening to the views of members of the group in the decision making process before the leader finally makes decisions. Clare encouraged the participation of the people in the organizations she managed. She believed and still does believe that communication using open channels is a key ingredient in the makeup of a successful leadership role administration (Houser et al 2004). Clare aimed to replace the atmosphere of distrust created by distance with a homely family-type environment in the university. Comparing Leadership Styles Based on the â€Å" Leadership Style Survey†, the delegate system of leadership scored highest in similarity to Claire Fagin’s leadership style. Participative leadership has been shown to increase employees’ motivation, feeling of power, and job performance in various countries and it has been reported as an effective leadership style for all cultures (Effects of participative, 2011). In contrast, delegate styles are the least effective of all three-leadership styles, which are authoritative,